In the realm of material science and surface chemistry, understanding what lies just a few nanometers beneath the surface can unlock innovations in everything from electronics to environmental science. One of the most precise tools to do this is X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) — a technique that reveals not just what elements are present on a material’s surface, but also how they’re bonded.

What is XPS?
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a quantitative spectroscopic technique used to analyze the surface chemi